منابع مشابه
Treatment of bone metastases in urologic malignancies.
The skeletal system is the most common site of metastatic cancer spread. Bone metastases are often associated with severe morbidity, pain and functional impairment. Timely diagnosis and proper treatment may decrease morbidity, improve quality of life and in some cases even improve survival. External beam radiotherapy may effectively give pain relief in patients with painful bone metastases. In ...
متن کاملExtracellular MicroRNAs in Urologic Malignancies: Chances and Challenges
Small noncoding RNAs that are 19-23 nucleotides long, known as microRNAs (miRNAs), are involved in almost all biological mechanisms during carcinogenesis. Recent studies show that miRNAs released from live cells are detectable in body fluids and may be taken up by other cells to confer cell-cell communication. These released miRNAs (here referred to as extracellular miRNAs) are often protected ...
متن کاملCarcinogenesis of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Precursor Lesions
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma displays a variety of molecular changes that evolve exponentially with time and lead cancer cells not only to survive, but also to invade the surrounding tissues and metastasise to distant sites. These changes include: genetic alterations in oncogenes and cancer suppressor genes; changes in the cell cycle and pathways leading to apoptosis; and also changes in epithelia...
متن کاملPrecursor lesions of the adrenal gland.
OBJECTIVE To review the existing literature for evidence that adrenocortical and adrenomedullary tumours develop through a multistep process of carcinogenesis. RESULTS In the adrenal cortex hyperplasia and adenomas are frequently observed tumours or tumour-like conditions. In contrast, adrenocortical carcinomas are rare. Based on well-validated histopathological scoring systems, benign and ma...
متن کاملMammalian target of rapamycin inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in the management of urologic malignancies.
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase that regulates protein translation, cell growth, and apoptosis. Recently, there has been an enormous increase in our understanding on molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutics of rapamycin in cancer. Alterations in the pathway regulating mTOR occur in many solid malignancies including prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer; in vi...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
سال: 2017
ISSN: 0003-9985,1543-2165
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0515-ra